Effects of hydrocarbon extraction on freshwaters

Abstract

Aim: This chapter explains hydrocarbon extraction and discusses its effects on inland water resources. Main concepts covered: Section 1 provides an overview of the history of hydrocarbon extraction, the occurrence, and formation of hydrocarbon resources, and explains the conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon extraction techniques. Section 2 discusses the main impacts associated with conventional and unconventional oil and gas extraction on freshwaters. This discussion covers distinct water resource impacts associated with hydrocarbon extraction, acute, ecological, and legacy impacts on surface water and groundwater resources, and water-related socio-economic impacts. Section 3 covers management tools to minimize negative impacts. Throughout, case studies that mostly stem from Africa and South America are used to illustrate impacts and related management options. A detailed glossary explains technical concepts. Conclusion: The discussion of impacts clearly illustrates that oil and gas extraction imperils water resources next to fuelling climate change. Considering the Paris agreement of limiting global temperature increases to 1.5 °C, governments should therefore limit fossil fuel extraction and pursue sustainable development to ensure a liveable planet for current and future generations.